Carlos Martín Escorza

Resumen La Rioja baja contiene un total de 92 templos cristianos distribuidos en iglesias parroquiales y algunos conven-tos, todos ellos construidos a lo largo de los siglos desde el XII hasta el XX. La orientación del eje principal y ábside de la mayor parte de dichos templos es hacia 'oriente' , pero de ellos muy pocos según la orientación equinoccial. Los construidos desde el siglo XII al XVII tienen el azimut de sus ábsides toma valores de 90° o ángulos menores a 90°, los levantados desde el siglo XVIII al XX su ábside está dirigido azimuts mayores de 90°; los primeros sugieren que sus diseños se hicieron en el periodo desde el equinoccio de primavera al del otoño, los segundos desde el equinoccio de otoño al de primavera. En general se observa una tendencia de pérdida de la orientación hacia oriente conforme pasan los siglos. Palabras clave: Orientación de iglesias; Orar hacia el Este; Azimuts de ábsides; La Rioja Baja; España. Abstract La Rioja baja contains a total of 92 Christian temples distributed in parish churches and some convents, all built over the centuries from the twelfth to the twentieth century. The orientation of the main axis and apse of most of these temples is towards 'east' , but of them very few according to the equinoctial orientation. Those built from the 12th to the 17th century have the azimuth of their apses takes values of 90° or angles smaller than 90°, those raised from the eighteenth to the twentieth century their apse is headed azimuts greater or equal to 90°; The former suggest that their designs were made in the period from the equinox of spring to autumn, the second from the autumn to the spring equinox. In general there is a tendency of loss of orientation towards east as the centuries go by.

Shear with SC planes are found in the same locations among the gneises and other metamorphic rocks in the Central Cordillera. They are a ductil tectonic extensional episode
(Robledo Phase) with SE-NW dipping C shearing planes. The observations suggests an age post-Hercynian and previous, or in relation, to tardi-Hercynian transcurrent fault episode.

ABSTRACT: According to the different catalogue data and articles, the author has collected the complete dates, with year, month and day, of 1.070 falls of meteorites occurred from 1800. With this has been elaborated a sequential list that make to correspond to each one of those days a value that it is the difference,
in days, that separate from 1, January, 1800. In base to this that for this period the average value that separates a fall from the following is that of 68,3 days with a standard deviation = 73,4 days.
Using the box counting method, is obtained that for intervals between the limits of 140 days and 5.000 days, the dates from falls from meteorites occurred in the centuries XIX, XX until the present time, have the characteristics of  a fractal distribution with D = 0,96.

The Cidacos river in its course draws a inflections both left-handed and right-handed that are characteristic, differentiating them from other river of La Rioja that much affinity with many other characters. The existence of these peculiar features can identify their presence in the mapping of past centuries and through improvements are observable in their progressive accuracy also shows the progress that has occurred in your mapping.
Applying these observations to maps produced in the Eighteenth Century on the Iberian peninsula, is detected even in this range are obvious improvements in its mapping. But it's the end of that century when proceeding with its mapping accuracy manifested through maps Tomás López, a spanish geographer, who made maps of regional character in this area.

La pugna entre el progreso del conocimiento y las creeencias religiosas en la España del siglo XVIII. Dos personalidades diferentes y ambos monjes pugnaron por mantener sus criterios en una época en que ya las observaciones naturales iban, poco a poco, venciendo a las suposiciones.

Resumen El mapa de Roussel y La Blottière que se publicó en Londres en 1809 tiene la particularidad de que su representación se hizo girando 180 grados todas sus indicaciones. Colocando el Norte hacia abajo y el Oeste hacia la derecha. Asimismo, la toponimia se indicó con ese mismo giro, como sí la intención del editor fuera que el mapa se usase con comodidad por un viajero que desde Francia quisiera dirigirse a España. Viaje que sí se hizo por las tropas de Napoleón en esos años, por lo que cabe concluir que el mapa se publicó para ser utilizado por los oficiales de aquel país que se dirigían hacia España. La denominación del río Cidacos como río del Cid, abre además un sugerente camino de estudio acerca de la posibilidad de que ese nombre fuese utilizado en algunos otros documentos o por noticias de la tradición.
Abstract The map of Russell and La Blottière which was published in London in 1809 has the peculiarity that its representation was turning 180 degrees all indications. Making the North down and west to the right. Also, the place names indicated with the same turn, as if the intention was that the map editor were to be used comfortably by a traveler from France would like to go to Spain. Trip itself was made by Napoleon's troops in those years, so it can be concluded that the map was published to be used by the officials of that country on their way to Spain. The name of the river Cidacos river as Cid river, also opens a suggestive way of study on the possibility that this name was used in some other documents or news of tradition.